Three years later, the billion-dollar AI industry began to collapse. At the meeting, Roger Schank and Marvin Minsky-two leading AI researchers who had survived the "winter" of the 1970s-warned the business community that enthusiasm for AI had spiraled out of control in the 1980s and that disappointment would certainly follow. It is a chain reaction that begins with pessimism in the AI community, followed by pessimism in the press, followed by a severe cutback in funding, followed by the end of serious research. The term first appeared in 1984 as the topic of a public debate at the annual meeting of AAAI (then called the "American Association of Artificial Intelligence"). The field has experienced several hype cycles, followed by disappointment and criticism, followed by funding cuts, followed by renewed interest years or decades later. The term was coined by analogy to the idea of a nuclear winter. In the history of artificial intelligence, an AI winter is a period of reduced funding and interest in artificial intelligence research.
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